Generic Operating System Services

The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces, but they are available on most other systems as well. Here’s an overview:

• os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  • error
  • name
  • File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables
  • Python UTF-8 Mode
  • Process Parameters
    • ctermid()
    • environ
    • environb
    • reload_environ()
    • fsencode()
    • fsdecode()
    • fspath()
    • PathLike
      • __fspath__()
    • getenv()
    • getenvb()
    • get_exec_path()
    • getegid()
    • geteuid()
    • getgid()
    • getgrouplist()
    • getgroups()
    • getlogin()
    • getpgid()
    • getpgrp()
    • getpid()
    • getppid()
    • getpriority()
    • PRIO_PROCESS
    • PRIO_PGRP
    • PRIO_USER
    • PRIO_DARWIN_THREAD
    • PRIO_DARWIN_PROCESS
    • PRIO_DARWIN_BG
    • PRIO_DARWIN_NONUI
    • getresuid()
    • getresgid()
    • getuid()
    • initgroups()
    • putenv()
    • setegid()
    • seteuid()
    • setgid()
    • setgroups()
    • setns()
    • setpgrp()
    • setpgid()
    • setpriority()
    • setregid()
    • setresgid()
    • setresuid()
    • setreuid()
    • getsid()
    • setsid()
    • setuid()
    • strerror()
    • supports_bytes_environ
    • umask()
    • uname()
    • unsetenv()
    • unshare()
    • CLONE_FILES
    • CLONE_FS
    • CLONE_NEWCGROUP
    • CLONE_NEWIPC
    • CLONE_NEWNET
    • CLONE_NEWNS
    • CLONE_NEWPID
    • CLONE_NEWTIME
    • CLONE_NEWUSER
    • CLONE_NEWUTS
    • CLONE_SIGHAND
    • CLONE_SYSVSEM
    • CLONE_THREAD
    • CLONE_VM
  • File Object Creation
    • fdopen()
  • File Descriptor Operations
    • close()
    • closerange()
    • copy_file_range()
    • device_encoding()
    • dup()
    • dup2()
    • fchmod()
    • fchown()
    • fdatasync()
    • fpathconf()
    • fstat()
    • fstatvfs()
    • fsync()
    • ftruncate()
    • get_blocking()
    • grantpt()
    • isatty()
    • lockf()
    • F_LOCK
    • F_TLOCK
    • F_ULOCK
    • F_TEST
    • login_tty()
    • lseek()
    • SEEK_SET
    • SEEK_CUR
    • SEEK_END
    • SEEK_HOLE
    • SEEK_DATA
    • open()
    • O_RDONLY
    • O_WRONLY
    • O_RDWR
    • O_APPEND
    • O_CREAT
    • O_EXCL
    • O_TRUNC
    • O_DSYNC
    • O_RSYNC
    • O_SYNC
    • O_NDELAY
    • O_NONBLOCK
    • O_NOCTTY
    • O_CLOEXEC
    • O_BINARY
    • O_NOINHERIT
    • O_SHORT_LIVED
    • O_TEMPORARY
    • O_RANDOM
    • O_SEQUENTIAL
    • O_TEXT
    • O_EVTONLY
    • O_FSYNC
    • O_SYMLINK
    • O_NOFOLLOW_ANY
    • O_ASYNC
    • O_DIRECT
    • O_DIRECTORY
    • O_NOFOLLOW
    • O_NOATIME
    • O_PATH
    • O_TMPFILE
    • O_SHLOCK
    • O_EXLOCK
    • openpty()
    • pipe()
    • pipe2()
    • posix_fallocate()
    • posix_fadvise()
    • POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
    • POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
    • POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
    • POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
    • POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
    • POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
    • pread()
    • posix_openpt()
    • preadv()
    • RWF_NOWAIT
    • RWF_HIPRI
    • ptsname()
    • pwrite()
    • pwritev()
    • RWF_DSYNC
    • RWF_SYNC
    • RWF_APPEND
    • read()
    • sendfile()
    • SF_NODISKIO
    • SF_MNOWAIT
    • SF_SYNC
    • SF_NOCACHE
    • set_blocking()
    • splice()
    • SPLICE_F_MOVE
    • SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK
    • SPLICE_F_MORE
    • readv()
    • tcgetpgrp()
    • tcsetpgrp()
    • ttyname()
    • unlockpt()
    • write()
    • writev()
    • Querying the size of a terminal
      • get_terminal_size()
      • terminal_size
        • columns
        • lines
    • Inheritance of File Descriptors
      • get_inheritable()
      • set_inheritable()
      • get_handle_inheritable()
      • set_handle_inheritable()
  • Files and Directories
    • access()
    • F_OK
    • R_OK
    • W_OK
    • X_OK
    • chdir()
    • chflags()
    • chmod()
    • chown()
    • chroot()
    • fchdir()
    • getcwd()
    • getcwdb()
    • lchflags()
    • lchmod()
    • lchown()
    • link()
    • listdir()
    • listdrives()
    • listmounts()
    • listvolumes()
    • lstat()
    • mkdir()
    • makedirs()
    • mkfifo()
    • mknod()
    • major()
    • minor()
    • makedev()
    • pathconf()
    • pathconf_names
    • readlink()
    • remove()
    • removedirs()
    • rename()
    • renames()
    • replace()
    • rmdir()
    • scandir()
      • close()
    • DirEntry
      • name
      • path
      • inode()
      • is_dir()
      • is_file()
      • is_symlink()
      • is_junction()
      • stat()
    • stat()
    • stat_result
      • st_mode
      • st_ino
      • st_dev
      • st_nlink
      • st_uid
      • st_gid
      • st_size
      • st_atime
      • st_mtime
      • st_ctime
      • st_atime_ns
      • st_mtime_ns
      • st_ctime_ns
      • st_birthtime
      • st_birthtime_ns
      • st_blocks
      • st_blksize
      • st_rdev
      • st_flags
      • st_gen
      • st_fstype
      • st_rsize
      • st_creator
      • st_type
      • st_file_attributes
      • st_reparse_tag
    • statvfs()
    • supports_dir_fd
    • supports_effective_ids
    • supports_fd
    • supports_follow_symlinks
    • symlink()
    • sync()
    • truncate()
    • unlink()
    • utime()
    • walk()
    • fwalk()
    • memfd_create()
    • MFD_CLOEXEC
    • MFD_ALLOW_SEALING
    • MFD_HUGETLB
    • MFD_HUGE_SHIFT
    • MFD_HUGE_MASK
    • MFD_HUGE_64KB
    • MFD_HUGE_512KB
    • MFD_HUGE_1MB
    • MFD_HUGE_2MB
    • MFD_HUGE_8MB
    • MFD_HUGE_16MB
    • MFD_HUGE_32MB
    • MFD_HUGE_256MB
    • MFD_HUGE_512MB
    • MFD_HUGE_1GB
    • MFD_HUGE_2GB
    • MFD_HUGE_16GB
    • eventfd()
    • eventfd_read()
    • eventfd_write()
    • EFD_CLOEXEC
    • EFD_NONBLOCK
    • EFD_SEMAPHORE
    • Timer File Descriptors
      • timerfd_create()
      • timerfd_settime()
      • timerfd_settime_ns()
      • timerfd_gettime()
      • timerfd_gettime_ns()
      • TFD_NONBLOCK
      • TFD_CLOEXEC
      • TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME
      • TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET
    • Linux extended attributes
      • getxattr()
      • listxattr()
      • removexattr()
      • setxattr()
      • XATTR_SIZE_MAX
      • XATTR_CREATE
      • XATTR_REPLACE
  • Process Management
    • abort()
    • add_dll_directory()
    • execl()
    • execle()
    • execlp()
    • execlpe()
    • execv()
    • execve()
    • execvp()
    • execvpe()
    • _exit()
    • EX_OK
    • EX_USAGE
    • EX_DATAERR
    • EX_NOINPUT
    • EX_NOUSER
    • EX_NOHOST
    • EX_UNAVAILABLE
    • EX_SOFTWARE
    • EX_OSERR
    • EX_OSFILE
    • EX_CANTCREAT
    • EX_IOERR
    • EX_TEMPFAIL
    • EX_PROTOCOL
    • EX_NOPERM
    • EX_CONFIG
    • EX_NOTFOUND
    • fork()
    • forkpty()
    • kill()
    • killpg()
    • nice()
    • pidfd_open()
      • PIDFD_NONBLOCK
    • plock()
    • popen()
    • posix_spawn()
      • POSIX_SPAWN_OPEN
      • POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSE
      • POSIX_SPAWN_DUP2
      • POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM
    • posix_spawnp()
    • register_at_fork()
    • spawnl()
    • spawnle()
    • spawnlp()
    • spawnlpe()
    • spawnv()
    • spawnve()
    • spawnvp()
    • spawnvpe()
    • P_NOWAIT
    • P_NOWAITO
    • P_WAIT
    • P_DETACH
    • P_OVERLAY
    • startfile()
    • system()
    • times()
    • wait()
    • waitid()
    • waitpid()
    • wait3()
    • wait4()
    • P_PID
    • P_PGID
    • P_ALL
    • P_PIDFD
    • WCONTINUED
    • WEXITED
    • WSTOPPED
    • WUNTRACED
    • WNOHANG
    • WNOWAIT
    • CLD_EXITED
    • CLD_KILLED
    • CLD_DUMPED
    • CLD_TRAPPED
    • CLD_STOPPED
    • CLD_CONTINUED
    • waitstatus_to_exitcode()
    • WCOREDUMP()
    • WIFCONTINUED()
    • WIFSTOPPED()
    • WIFSIGNALED()
    • WIFEXITED()
    • WEXITSTATUS()
    • WSTOPSIG()
    • WTERMSIG()
  • Interface to the scheduler
    • SCHED_OTHER
    • SCHED_BATCH
    • SCHED_IDLE
    • SCHED_SPORADIC
    • SCHED_FIFO
    • SCHED_RR
    • SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK
    • sched_param
      • sched_priority
    • sched_get_priority_min()
    • sched_get_priority_max()
    • sched_setscheduler()
    • sched_getscheduler()
    • sched_setparam()
    • sched_getparam()
    • sched_rr_get_interval()
    • sched_yield()
    • sched_setaffinity()
    • sched_getaffinity()
  • Miscellaneous System Information
    • confstr()
    • confstr_names
    • cpu_count()
    • getloadavg()
    • process_cpu_count()
    • sysconf()
    • sysconf_names
    • curdir
    • pardir
    • sep
    • altsep
    • extsep
    • pathsep
    • defpath
    • linesep
    • devnull
    • RTLD_LAZY
    • RTLD_NOW
    • RTLD_GLOBAL
    • RTLD_LOCAL
    • RTLD_NODELETE
    • RTLD_NOLOAD
    • RTLD_DEEPBIND
  • Random numbers
    • getrandom()
    • urandom()
    • GRND_NONBLOCK
    • GRND_RANDOM
• io — Core tools for working with streams
  • Overview
    • Text I/O
    • Binary I/O
    • Raw I/O
  • Text Encoding
    • Opt-in EncodingWarning
  • High-level Module Interface
    • DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
    • open()
    • open_code()
    • text_encoding()
    • BlockingIOError
    • UnsupportedOperation
  • Class hierarchy
    • I/O Base Classes
      • IOBase
        • close()
        • closed
        • fileno()
        • flush()
        • isatty()
        • readable()
        • readline()
        • readlines()
        • seek()
        • seekable()
        • tell()
        • truncate()
        • writable()
        • writelines()
        • __del__()
      • RawIOBase
        • read()
        • readall()
        • readinto()
        • write()
      • BufferedIOBase
        • raw
        • detach()
        • read()
        • read1()
        • readinto()
        • readinto1()
        • write()
    • Raw File I/O
      • FileIO
        • mode
        • name
    • Buffered Streams
      • BytesIO
        • getbuffer()
        • getvalue()
        • read1()
        • readinto1()
      • BufferedReader
        • peek()
        • read()
        • read1()
      • BufferedWriter
        • flush()
        • write()
      • BufferedRandom
      • BufferedRWPair
    • Text I/O
      • TextIOBase
        • encoding
        • errors
        • newlines
        • buffer
        • detach()
        • read()
        • readline()
        • seek()
        • tell()
        • write()
      • TextIOWrapper
        • line_buffering
        • write_through
        • reconfigure()
        • seek()
        • tell()
      • StringIO
        • getvalue()
      • IncrementalNewlineDecoder
  • Performance
    • Binary I/O
    • Text I/O
    • Multi-threading
    • Reentrancy
• time — Time access and conversions
  • Functions
    • asctime()
    • pthread_getcpuclockid()
    • clock_getres()
    • clock_gettime()
    • clock_gettime_ns()
    • clock_settime()
    • clock_settime_ns()
    • ctime()
    • get_clock_info()
    • gmtime()
    • localtime()
    • mktime()
    • monotonic()
    • monotonic_ns()
    • perf_counter()
    • perf_counter_ns()
    • process_time()
    • process_time_ns()
    • sleep()
    • strftime()
    • strptime()
    • struct_time
      • tm_year
      • tm_mon
      • tm_mday
      • tm_hour
      • tm_min
      • tm_sec
      • tm_wday
      • tm_yday
      • tm_isdst
      • tm_zone
      • tm_gmtoff
    • time()
    • time_ns()
    • thread_time()
    • thread_time_ns()
    • tzset()
  • Clock ID Constants
    • CLOCK_BOOTTIME
    • CLOCK_HIGHRES
    • CLOCK_MONOTONIC
    • CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
    • CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX
    • CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
    • CLOCK_PROF
    • CLOCK_TAI
    • CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
    • CLOCK_UPTIME
    • CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW
    • CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX
    • CLOCK_REALTIME
  • Timezone Constants
    • altzone
    • daylight
    • timezone
    • tzname
• argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommands
  • ArgumentParser objects
    • ArgumentParser
    • prog
    • usage
    • description
    • epilog
    • parents
    • formatter_class
      • RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
      • RawTextHelpFormatter
      • ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
      • MetavarTypeHelpFormatter
    • prefix_chars
    • fromfile_prefix_chars
    • argument_default
    • allow_abbrev
    • conflict_handler
    • add_help
    • exit_on_error
    • suggest_on_error
  • The add_argument() method
    • add_argument()
    • name or flags
    • action
      • BooleanOptionalAction
    • nargs
    • const
    • default
    • type
    • choices
    • required
    • help
    • metavar
    • dest
    • deprecated
    • Action classes
      • Action
        • __call__()
        • format_usage()
  • The parse_args() method
    • parse_args()
    • Option value syntax
    • Invalid arguments
    • Arguments containing -
    • Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)
    • Beyond sys.argv
    • The Namespace object
      • Namespace
  • Other utilities
    • Sub-commands
      • add_subparsers()
    • FileType objects
      • FileType
    • Argument groups
      • add_argument_group()
    • Mutual exclusion
      • add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    • Parser defaults
      • set_defaults()
      • get_default()
    • Printing help
      • print_usage()
      • print_help()
      • format_usage()
      • format_help()
    • Partial parsing
      • parse_known_args()
    • Customizing file parsing
      • convert_arg_line_to_args()
    • Exiting methods
      • exit()
      • error()
    • Intermixed parsing
      • parse_intermixed_args()
      • parse_known_intermixed_args()
    • Registering custom types or actions
      • register()
  • Exceptions
    • ArgumentError
    • ArgumentTypeError
    • Argparse Tutorial
      • Concepts
      • The basics
      • Introducing Positional arguments
      • Introducing Optional arguments
        • Short options
      • Combining Positional and Optional arguments
      • Getting a little more advanced
        • Specifying ambiguous arguments
        • Conflicting options
      • How to translate the argparse output
      • Custom type converters
      • Conclusion
    • Upgrading optparse code
• logging — Logging facility for Python
  • Logger Objects
    • Logger
      • name
      • level
      • parent
      • propagate
      • handlers
      • disabled
      • setLevel()
      • isEnabledFor()
      • getEffectiveLevel()
      • getChild()
      • getChildren()
      • debug()
      • info()
      • warning()
      • error()
      • critical()
      • log()
      • exception()
      • addFilter()
      • removeFilter()
      • filter()
      • addHandler()
      • removeHandler()
      • findCaller()
      • handle()
      • makeRecord()
      • hasHandlers()
  • Logging Levels
    • NOTSET
    • DEBUG
    • INFO
    • WARNING
    • ERROR
    • CRITICAL
  • Handler Objects
    • Handler
      • __init__()
      • createLock()
      • acquire()
      • release()
      • setLevel()
      • setFormatter()
      • addFilter()
      • removeFilter()
      • filter()
      • flush()
      • close()
      • handle()
      • handleError()
      • format()
      • emit()
  • Formatter Objects
    • Formatter
      • format()
      • formatTime()
      • formatException()
      • formatStack()
    • BufferingFormatter
      • formatHeader()
      • formatFooter()
      • format()
  • Filter Objects
    • Filter
      • filter()
  • LogRecord Objects
    • LogRecord
      • getMessage()
  • LogRecord attributes
  • LoggerAdapter Objects
    • LoggerAdapter
      • process()
      • manager
      • _log
  • Thread Safety
  • Module-Level Functions
    • getLogger()
    • getLoggerClass()
    • getLogRecordFactory()
    • debug()
    • info()
    • warning()
    • error()
    • critical()
    • exception()
    • log()
    • disable()
    • addLevelName()
    • getLevelNamesMapping()
    • getLevelName()
    • getHandlerByName()
    • getHandlerNames()
    • makeLogRecord()
    • basicConfig()
    • shutdown()
    • setLoggerClass()
    • setLogRecordFactory()
  • Module-Level Attributes
    • lastResort
    • raiseExceptions
  • Integration with the warnings module
    • captureWarnings()
• logging.config — Logging configuration
  • Configuration functions
    • dictConfig()
    • fileConfig()
    • listen()
    • stopListening()
  • Security considerations
  • Configuration dictionary schema
    • Dictionary Schema Details
    • Incremental Configuration
    • Object connections
    • User-defined objects
    • Handler configuration order
    • Access to external objects
    • Access to internal objects
    • Import resolution and custom importers
    • Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener
  • Configuration file format
• logging.handlers — Logging handlers
  • StreamHandler
    • StreamHandler
      • emit()
      • flush()
      • setStream()
      • terminator
  • FileHandler
    • FileHandler
      • close()
      • emit()
  • NullHandler
    • NullHandler
      • emit()
      • handle()
      • createLock()
  • WatchedFileHandler
    • WatchedFileHandler
      • reopenIfNeeded()
      • emit()
  • BaseRotatingHandler
    • BaseRotatingHandler
      • namer
      • rotator
      • rotation_filename()
      • rotate()
  • RotatingFileHandler
    • RotatingFileHandler
      • doRollover()
      • emit()
  • TimedRotatingFileHandler
    • TimedRotatingFileHandler
      • doRollover()
      • emit()
      • getFilesToDelete()
  • SocketHandler
    • SocketHandler
      • close()
      • emit()
      • handleError()
      • makeSocket()
      • makePickle()
      • send()
      • createSocket()
  • DatagramHandler
    • DatagramHandler
      • emit()
      • makeSocket()
      • send()
  • SysLogHandler
    • SysLogHandler
      • close()
      • createSocket()
      • emit()
      • encodePriority()
      • mapPriority()
  • NTEventLogHandler
    • NTEventLogHandler
      • close()
      • emit()
      • getEventCategory()
      • getEventType()
      • getMessageID()
  • SMTPHandler
    • SMTPHandler
      • emit()
      • getSubject()
  • MemoryHandler
    • BufferingHandler
      • emit()
      • flush()
      • shouldFlush()
    • MemoryHandler
      • close()
      • flush()
      • setTarget()
      • shouldFlush()
  • HTTPHandler
    • HTTPHandler
      • mapLogRecord()
      • emit()
  • QueueHandler
    • QueueHandler
      • emit()
      • prepare()
      • enqueue()
      • listener
  • QueueListener
    • QueueListener
      • dequeue()
      • prepare()
      • handle()
      • start()
      • stop()
      • enqueue_sentinel()
• getpass — Portable password input
  • getpass()
  • GetPassWarning
  • getuser()
• curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  • Functions
    • error
    • baudrate()
    • beep()
    • can_change_color()
    • cbreak()
    • color_content()
    • color_pair()
    • curs_set()
    • def_prog_mode()
    • def_shell_mode()
    • delay_output()
    • doupdate()
    • echo()
    • endwin()
    • erasechar()
    • filter()
    • flash()
    • flushinp()
    • getmouse()
    • getsyx()
    • getwin()
    • has_colors()
    • has_extended_color_support()
    • has_ic()
    • has_il()
    • has_key()
    • halfdelay()
    • init_color()
    • init_pair()
    • initscr()
    • is_term_resized()
    • isendwin()
    • keyname()
    • killchar()
    • longname()
    • meta()
    • mouseinterval()
    • mousemask()
    • napms()
    • newpad()
    • newwin()
    • nl()
    • nocbreak()
    • noecho()
    • nonl()
    • noqiflush()
    • noraw()
    • pair_content()
    • pair_number()
    • putp()
    • qiflush()
    • raw()
    • reset_prog_mode()
    • reset_shell_mode()
    • resetty()
    • resize_term()
    • resizeterm()
    • savetty()
    • get_escdelay()
    • set_escdelay()
    • get_tabsize()
    • set_tabsize()
    • setsyx()
    • setupterm()
    • start_color()
    • termattrs()
    • termname()
    • tigetflag()
    • tigetnum()
    • tigetstr()
    • tparm()
    • typeahead()
    • unctrl()
    • ungetch()
    • update_lines_cols()
    • unget_wch()
    • ungetmouse()
    • use_env()
    • use_default_colors()
    • wrapper()
  • Window Objects
    • addch()
    • addnstr()
    • addstr()
    • attroff()
    • attron()
    • attrset()
    • bkgd()
    • bkgdset()
    • border()
    • box()
    • chgat()
    • clear()
    • clearok()
    • clrtobot()
    • clrtoeol()
    • cursyncup()
    • delch()
    • deleteln()
    • derwin()
    • echochar()
    • enclose()
    • encoding
    • erase()
    • getbegyx()
    • getbkgd()
    • getch()
    • get_wch()
    • getkey()
    • getmaxyx()
    • getparyx()
    • getstr()
    • getyx()
    • hline()
    • idcok()
    • idlok()
    • immedok()
    • inch()
    • insch()
    • insdelln()
    • insertln()
    • insnstr()
    • insstr()
    • instr()
    • is_linetouched()
    • is_wintouched()
    • keypad()
    • leaveok()
    • move()
    • mvderwin()
    • mvwin()
    • nodelay()
    • notimeout()
    • noutrefresh()
    • overlay()
    • overwrite()
    • putwin()
    • redrawln()
    • redrawwin()
    • refresh()
    • resize()
    • scroll()
    • scrollok()
    • setscrreg()
    • standend()
    • standout()
    • subpad()
    • subwin()
    • syncdown()
    • syncok()
    • syncup()
    • timeout()
    • touchline()
    • touchwin()
    • untouchwin()
    • vline()
  • Constants
    • ERR
    • OK
    • version
    • __version__
    • ncurses_version
    • COLORS
    • COLOR_PAIRS
    • COLS
    • LINES
    • A_ALTCHARSET
    • A_BLINK
    • A_BOLD
    • A_DIM
    • A_INVIS
    • A_ITALIC
    • A_NORMAL
    • A_PROTECT
    • A_REVERSE
    • A_STANDOUT
    • A_UNDERLINE
    • A_HORIZONTAL
    • A_LEFT
    • A_LOW
    • A_RIGHT
    • A_TOP
    • A_VERTICAL
    • A_ATTRIBUTES
    • A_CHARTEXT
    • A_COLOR
    • KEY_MIN
    • KEY_BREAK
    • KEY_DOWN
    • KEY_UP
    • KEY_LEFT
    • KEY_RIGHT
    • KEY_HOME
    • KEY_BACKSPACE
    • KEY_F0
    • KEY_Fn
    • KEY_DL
    • KEY_IL
    • KEY_DC
    • KEY_IC
    • KEY_EIC
    • KEY_CLEAR
    • KEY_EOS
    • KEY_EOL
    • KEY_SF
    • KEY_SR
    • KEY_NPAGE
    • KEY_PPAGE
    • KEY_STAB
    • KEY_CTAB
    • KEY_CATAB
    • KEY_ENTER
    • KEY_SRESET
    • KEY_RESET
    • KEY_PRINT
    • KEY_LL
    • KEY_A1
    • KEY_A3
    • KEY_B2
    • KEY_C1
    • KEY_C3
    • KEY_BTAB
    • KEY_BEG
    • KEY_CANCEL
    • KEY_CLOSE
    • KEY_COMMAND
    • KEY_COPY
    • KEY_CREATE
    • KEY_END
    • KEY_EXIT
    • KEY_FIND
    • KEY_HELP
    • KEY_MARK
    • KEY_MESSAGE
    • KEY_MOVE
    • KEY_NEXT
    • KEY_OPEN
    • KEY_OPTIONS
    • KEY_PREVIOUS
    • KEY_REDO
    • KEY_REFERENCE
    • KEY_REFRESH
    • KEY_REPLACE
    • KEY_RESTART
    • KEY_RESUME
    • KEY_SAVE
    • KEY_SBEG
    • KEY_SCANCEL
    • KEY_SCOMMAND
    • KEY_SCOPY
    • KEY_SCREATE
    • KEY_SDC
    • KEY_SDL
    • KEY_SELECT
    • KEY_SEND
    • KEY_SEOL
    • KEY_SEXIT
    • KEY_SFIND
    • KEY_SHELP
    • KEY_SHOME
    • KEY_SIC
    • KEY_SLEFT
    • KEY_SMESSAGE
    • KEY_SMOVE
    • KEY_SNEXT
    • KEY_SOPTIONS
    • KEY_SPREVIOUS
    • KEY_SPRINT
    • KEY_SREDO
    • KEY_SREPLACE
    • KEY_SRIGHT
    • KEY_SRSUME
    • KEY_SSAVE
    • KEY_SSUSPEND
    • KEY_SUNDO
    • KEY_SUSPEND
    • KEY_UNDO
    • KEY_MOUSE
    • KEY_RESIZE
    • KEY_MAX
    • ACS_BBSS
    • ACS_BLOCK
    • ACS_BOARD
    • ACS_BSBS
    • ACS_BSSB
    • ACS_BSSS
    • ACS_BTEE
    • ACS_BULLET
    • ACS_CKBOARD
    • ACS_DARROW
    • ACS_DEGREE
    • ACS_DIAMOND
    • ACS_GEQUAL
    • ACS_HLINE
    • ACS_LANTERN
    • ACS_LARROW
    • ACS_LEQUAL
    • ACS_LLCORNER
    • ACS_LRCORNER
    • ACS_LTEE
    • ACS_NEQUAL
    • ACS_PI
    • ACS_PLMINUS
    • ACS_PLUS
    • ACS_RARROW
    • ACS_RTEE
    • ACS_S1
    • ACS_S3
    • ACS_S7
    • ACS_S9
    • ACS_SBBS
    • ACS_SBSB
    • ACS_SBSS
    • ACS_SSBB
    • ACS_SSBS
    • ACS_SSSB
    • ACS_SSSS
    • ACS_STERLING
    • ACS_TTEE
    • ACS_UARROW
    • ACS_ULCORNER
    • ACS_URCORNER
    • ACS_VLINE
    • BUTTONn_PRESSED
    • BUTTONn_RELEASED
    • BUTTONn_CLICKED
    • BUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKED
    • BUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKED
    • BUTTON_SHIFT
    • BUTTON_CTRL
    • BUTTON_ALT
    • COLOR_BLACK
    • COLOR_BLUE
    • COLOR_CYAN
    • COLOR_GREEN
    • COLOR_MAGENTA
    • COLOR_RED
    • COLOR_WHITE
    • COLOR_YELLOW
• curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
  • rectangle()
  • Textbox objects
    • Textbox
      • edit()
      • do_command()
      • gather()
      • stripspaces
• curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
  • NUL
  • SOH
  • STX
  • ETX
  • EOT
  • ENQ
  • ACK
  • BEL
  • BS
  • TAB
  • HT
  • LF
  • NL
  • VT
  • FF
  • CR
  • SO
  • SI
  • DLE
  • DC1
  • DC2
  • DC3
  • DC4
  • NAK
  • SYN
  • ETB
  • CAN
  • EM
  • SUB
  • ESC
  • FS
  • GS
  • RS
  • US
  • SP
  • DEL
  • isalnum()
  • isalpha()
  • isascii()
  • isblank()
  • iscntrl()
  • isdigit()
  • isgraph()
  • islower()
  • isprint()
  • ispunct()
  • isspace()
  • isupper()
  • isxdigit()
  • isctrl()
  • ismeta()
  • ascii()
  • ctrl()
  • alt()
  • unctrl()
  • controlnames
• curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
  • Functions
    • bottom_panel()
    • new_panel()
    • top_panel()
    • update_panels()
  • Panel Objects
    • above()
    • below()
    • bottom()
    • hidden()
    • hide()
    • move()
    • replace()
    • set_userptr()
    • show()
    • top()
    • userptr()
    • window()
• platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
  • Cross Platform
    • architecture()
    • machine()
    • node()
    • platform()
    • processor()
    • python_build()
    • python_compiler()
    • python_branch()
    • python_implementation()
    • python_revision()
    • python_version()
    • python_version_tuple()
    • release()
    • system()
    • system_alias()
    • version()
    • uname()
  • Java Platform
    • java_ver()
  • Windows Platform
    • win32_ver()
    • win32_edition()
    • win32_is_iot()
  • macOS Platform
    • mac_ver()
  • iOS Platform
    • ios_ver()
  • Unix Platforms
    • libc_ver()
  • Linux Platforms
    • freedesktop_os_release()
  • Android Platform
    • android_ver()
  • Miscellaneous
    • invalidate_caches()
• errno — Standard errno system symbols
  • errorcode
  • EPERM
  • ENOENT
  • ESRCH
  • EINTR
  • EIO
  • ENXIO
  • E2BIG
  • ENOEXEC
  • EBADF
  • ECHILD
  • EAGAIN
  • ENOMEM
  • EACCES
  • EFAULT
  • ENOTBLK
  • EBUSY
  • EEXIST
  • EXDEV
  • ENODEV
  • ENOTDIR
  • EISDIR
  • EINVAL
  • ENFILE
  • EMFILE
  • ENOTTY
  • ETXTBSY
  • EFBIG
  • ENOSPC
  • ESPIPE
  • EROFS
  • EMLINK
  • EPIPE
  • EDOM
  • ERANGE
  • EDEADLK
  • ENAMETOOLONG
  • ENOLCK
  • ENOSYS
  • ENOTEMPTY
  • ELOOP
  • EWOULDBLOCK
  • ENOMSG
  • EIDRM
  • ECHRNG
  • EL2NSYNC
  • EL3HLT
  • EL3RST
  • ELNRNG
  • EUNATCH
  • ENOCSI
  • EL2HLT
  • EBADE
  • EBADR
  • EXFULL
  • ENOANO
  • EBADRQC
  • EBADSLT
  • EDEADLOCK
  • EBFONT
  • ENOSTR
  • ENODATA
  • ETIME
  • ENOSR
  • ENONET
  • ENOPKG
  • EREMOTE
  • ENOLINK
  • EADV
  • ESRMNT
  • ECOMM
  • EPROTO
  • EMULTIHOP
  • EDOTDOT
  • EBADMSG
  • EOVERFLOW
  • ENOTUNIQ
  • EBADFD
  • EREMCHG
  • ELIBACC
  • ELIBBAD
  • ELIBSCN
  • ELIBMAX
  • ELIBEXEC
  • EILSEQ
  • ERESTART
  • ESTRPIPE
  • EUSERS
  • ENOTSOCK
  • EDESTADDRREQ
  • EMSGSIZE
  • EPROTOTYPE
  • ENOPROTOOPT
  • EPROTONOSUPPORT
  • ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
  • EOPNOTSUPP
  • ENOTSUP
  • EPFNOSUPPORT
  • EAFNOSUPPORT
  • EADDRINUSE
  • EADDRNOTAVAIL
  • ENETDOWN
  • ENETUNREACH
  • ENETRESET
  • ECONNABORTED
  • ECONNRESET
  • ENOBUFS
  • EISCONN
  • ENOTCONN
  • ESHUTDOWN
  • ETOOMANYREFS
  • ETIMEDOUT
  • ECONNREFUSED
  • EHOSTDOWN
  • EHOSTUNREACH
  • EALREADY
  • EINPROGRESS
  • ESTALE
  • EUCLEAN
  • ENOTNAM
  • ENAVAIL
  • EISNAM
  • EREMOTEIO
  • EDQUOT
  • EQFULL
  • ENOTCAPABLE
  • ECANCELED
  • EOWNERDEAD
  • ENOTRECOVERABLE
• ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
  • ctypes tutorial
    • Loading dynamic link libraries
    • Accessing functions from loaded dlls
    • Calling functions
    • Fundamental data types
    • Calling functions, continued
    • Calling variadic functions
    • Calling functions with your own custom data types
    • Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
    • Return types
    • Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
    • Structures and unions
    • Structure/union layout, alignment and byte order
    • Bit fields in structures and unions
    • Arrays
    • Pointers
    • Type conversions
    • Incomplete Types
    • Callback functions
    • Accessing values exported from dlls
    • Surprises
    • Variable-sized data types
  • ctypes reference
    • Finding shared libraries
    • Loading shared libraries
      • CDLL
      • OleDLL
      • WinDLL
      • PyDLL
      • _handle
      • _name
      • LibraryLoader
        • LoadLibrary()
    • Foreign functions
      • _CFuncPtr
        • restype
        • argtypes
        • errcheck
    • Function prototypes
      • CFUNCTYPE()
      • WINFUNCTYPE()
      • PYFUNCTYPE()
    • Utility functions
      • addressof()
      • alignment()
      • byref()
      • cast()
      • create_string_buffer()
      • create_unicode_buffer()
      • DllCanUnloadNow()
      • DllGetClassObject()
      • find_library()
      • find_msvcrt()
      • FormatError()
      • GetLastError()
      • get_errno()
      • get_last_error()
      • memmove()
      • memset()
      • POINTER()
      • pointer()
      • resize()
      • set_errno()
      • set_last_error()
      • sizeof()
      • string_at()
      • WinError()
      • wstring_at()
    • Data types
      • _CData
        • from_buffer()
        • from_buffer_copy()
        • from_address()
        • from_param()
        • in_dll()
        • _b_base_
        • _b_needsfree_
        • _objects
    • Fundamental data types
      • _SimpleCData
        • value
      • c_byte
      • c_char
      • c_char_p
      • c_double
      • c_longdouble
      • c_float
      • c_double_complex
      • c_float_complex
      • c_longdouble_complex
      • c_int
      • c_int8
      • c_int16
      • c_int32
      • c_int64
      • c_long
      • c_longlong
      • c_short
      • c_size_t
      • c_ssize_t
      • c_time_t
      • c_ubyte
      • c_uint
      • c_uint8
      • c_uint16
      • c_uint32
      • c_uint64
      • c_ulong
      • c_ulonglong
      • c_ushort
      • c_void_p
      • c_wchar
      • c_wchar_p
      • c_bool
      • HRESULT
      • py_object
    • Structured data types
      • Union
      • BigEndianUnion
      • LittleEndianUnion
      • BigEndianStructure
      • LittleEndianStructure
      • Structure
        • _fields_
        • _pack_
        • _align_
        • _layout_
        • _anonymous_
    • Arrays and pointers
      • Array
        • _length_
        • _type_
      • ARRAY()
      • _Pointer
        • _type_
        • contents
    • Exceptions
      • ArgumentError
      • COMError
        • hresult
        • text
        • details